A closer review of the overall death toll among Black females with breast cancer from 1975-2015 revealed a more subtle overall decline in mortality than the more prominent reduction in mortality rates noted among White females. ĭisparities exist in the incidence of female breast cancer based on data from 1975-2014, which indicate a higher rate of smaller (<2.0 cm) tumors per 100,000 Blacks compared to White females with larger tumors (2.0 – 4.9 cm). Overall, from 2017-2018, in situ cases are the primary form (28%) of breast cancer in women between 50-69 years old invasive cases prevail (27%) between 60-69 years old and deaths are most prevalent (27%) ≥ 80 years old. Female victims of cancer represent 24.2% (8.6 million) of new cases and roughly 15.0% (4.2 million) of deaths. The incidence of breast cancer ranks second (11.6%) and deaths fifth (6.6%) among the most commonly diagnosed cancers (lung, breast, colorectal, stomach, liver and prostate) in both sexes. Of these cases, the incidence and mortality of cancer in the Americas (North, South and Central America, and the Caribbean), is estimated at 21.0% ( ~3.8 million) and 14.4% ( ~1.4 million) cases, respectively. Roughly 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million cancer deaths are expected globally in 2018 alone. The most recent global cancer statistics (September 12, 2018) point out an escalating pattern in cancer incidence and mortality based on 36 types of cancer measured in 185 countries of the world. Additional studies are necessary to identify relevant active ingredients, confirm the mechanism of action, and further elucidate the therapeutic potential of fig leaf extract for early-stage breast cancer chemoprevention.Ĭancer, ranked the second leading cause of mortality in the United States and Florida, is further segregated to attribute to breast cancer the designation of No. Taken together, these results suggest a potential mechanism for cancer chemoprevention. Composite treatment of MCF10A cells with DES and fig leaf extract attenuated DES-induced DNA strand breaks. Rather, a desirable dose-dependent reduction in DES-induced DNA strand breaks was observed. Exposure to fig leaf extract produced no DNA damage. DES at concentrations of 1, 10, and 100 μM produced mean olive tail moments of 1.2082 (177.6%), 1.2702 (186.7%), and 1.1275 (165.7%), respectively, which were statistically significantly (p<0.05) higher than the DMSO control value (0.6803). DES induced DNA strand breaks at all treatment levels compared to DMSO and non-treatment controls.
The cells were analyzed for DNA strand breakage using the SCGE/COMET assay with mean olive tail moment as a marker of DNA damage.
To test this hypothesis, MCF10A cells were treated with DES (1, 10, 100 μM), crude fig leaf extract (5, 10, 15 μL), or concomitant doses of DES (100 μM)/fig leaf extract (5, 10, 15 μL). We therefore hypothesized that fig leaf extract would inhibit (or attenuate) DES-induced DNA single-strand breakage in MCF10A human breast epithelial cells. The chemopreventive properties of constituent polyphenols and fiber that implicate figs in having a functional role in averting cancer have not been fully elucidated. Fig ( Ficus carica) trees are among the oldest plants on earth.
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